Without Consicence: The Disturbing World Of The Psychopaths Among Us :: Without Consicence

Without Consicence The Disturbing World Of The Psychopaths Among Us Robert D Hare is respected by his colleagues worldwide as an expert on psychopathy. He gained much of his insights as a Psychologist employed with CSC (Correctional Service of Canada) starting in the early 60s. At the chip in time he is a Professor of Psychology at the University of British Columbia. He and his students have interviewed hundreds of psychopathic offenders. This book is rich with transcripts of those interviews, giving gripping insights into what makes them tick. This IS not a shallow pop psychology, self help book. Its no gory thriller with lurid prose either. Its a GENUINE self help book. It will verify suspicions you may have acquired from life experiences, that some few people who cross your path truly have no real feelings or conscience and are disconsolate users, employing endless ways to manipulate others. They are driven to always be in control. I know the kind. Ive positively identified ab out fivesome or ten of them in my 41 years and seen many others who lean that way. Just as this book states and/or implies -- even if they live their whole lives never actually committing any horrible crime, you never trust them. You somehow know what they COULD do. Your gut instincts warn you they are opportunistic, social predators whose outward normalcy is only a slick facade. You detest and/or mourn the gullibility and trusting attitude of too many who are consistently used by them. Most of them during their entire lives never BREAK the law, but they are second to none at knowing how to BEND and TWIST it to suit their purposes. You find out eventually by observing them long enough or by being victimized yourself, how crafty they are at maneuvering others to fit into their plans. You come to the horrible conclusion that if they were allowed lax rein, they would prove that they only feel truly alive if they can tell everyone who touches their lives what to do, when to do it, wha t to think and when to think it? I believe theyre profoundly fearful cowards, literally too scared to ever discover love or respect. Their social relations only have one goal and one choice if they cant visit it -- In some way, shape or form, I MUST dominate you, if I cant, we have NOTHING to do with each other.

Gender Quota Policies Essay -- Law, Women Behavior in Hearing Debate

In general, every country has two choices when it comes to getting women involved in politics they can either encourage womens participation in politics or implement policies that require parties and parliament to hold a certain proportion of women holding choose offices (Stokes, 2005 78). The second alternative requires that the party adopts the gender quota system which is a number of seats reserved for women (Stokes, 200577). Ever since quotas have been adopted and diffused across nations, the proportion of women in interior(a) legislature has increased from the period of 1975 to 1995 (Caul 20011214). This goes to show that the adoption of quota policies have facilitated womens entrance into politics. However, the road to adoption of the quotas policies has been influenced by several factors political and societal (Caul 2001), as well as parties culture and characteristics (Stokes 2005, Chapter 1). The rationale behind using quota policies is that the more women are present in legislative politics, the more passs women will have the chance to influence constitution (Lyn 1994 560). Lyn Kathlene examines womens presence and behaviours in a Colorado state in legislature comprehend committees to test for their input in policy making and debates. The question that this paper agreeks to answer if whether or not women get to influence policy making once in office, like advocates hoped for? We will see that to a certain extent it is possible to observe womens impact in the decision making process. Although other pressures such cultural, forbid conversational dynamics between men and women are present it does not decrease the rate of womens participation in political decision making process. Instead it exposes the negative response ... ... on issues that directly affect them such as family issues. Their presence in national legislature means that they were elected by the population, they not solely acting on behalf of all women but also standing in these hearing committees as their duty as a delegate of those who have elected her. The grounds for their interventions are based on their ability to position themselves as women but also as an elected official. Being present at hearing debates, shows that their presence is aligned with their ability to influence policy, regardless of the times they get interrupted. Males behaviours towards women expose a reality that is more related to their characters and behaviours. The findings that we have looked do not show any connection males behaviours towards women in hearing debate that discourage them from participating and voicing their opinions in debates.

Descartes Failure Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Descartes Failure In his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes strives first and foremost to provide an infallibly justified foundation for the empirical sciences, and se shadowt to come out the existence of God. I will focus on the first and second meditations in my attempt to show that, in his skepticism of the sources of knowledge, he fails to fare the rules he has set out in the Discourse on Method. First I claim that Descartes fails to draw the distinction between pure sensation and inference, which deal up what he calls sensation, and then consider the consequences of this failure to follow his method. Second, I will show that in his treatment of thinking Descartes fails to distinguish between dynamic and passive thinking. Although he succeeds in showing that he is aware of thinking (and therefore at least a passive thinker), from which it follows that he exists, it is possible that Descartes1 is no more than a passive thinker. I claim that Descartes successfull y shows that he exists, that there is thinking going on, and that thereby there exists a thinking thing, yet Descartes thinking may only be a passive awareness of thinking he may be separate from the active thinker requisite by the fact that there is thinking-going-on.2 I will argue that if this is the case, then Descartes doesnt have free will. Without free will, Descartes can no longer prove the existence of God. As the foundation upon which he re-establishes his knowledge of the world depends on free will then, if my claim is true, Descartes does not succeed in finding a solid foundation for empirical knowledge, nor does he succeed in his secondary goal of proving the existence of God. I. Pure Sensation and Inference ... ...ur being active thinkers can be doubted, but only from a third person perspective, for doubting, itself presupposes active thinking. I have chosen to be charitable to Descartes, and allow him those acts, such as doubting, that co uld legitimately be performed from a third person perspective, so as to avoid undermining his entire account.21 Descartes Selected Philosophical Writings Meditations on First Philosophy, p9322 ibid. p9223 Putnam, p724 This sounds a lot like Berkeleys suggestion that objects in the physical world continue to exist although we are not perceiving them because they are being perceived by God.25 I will not discuss this claim further here, due to the length of this paper.26 Descartes Selected Philosophical Writings Meditations on First Philosophy, p7927 ibid. p80

Cross-Listing :: Business, Stock Exchange

Cross- itemization can be defined as the listing of a companys shargons in a conduct exchange beyond its home country boundaries. It can also be termed as a secondary listing for firms those which are already listed in their home country. Typically, when companies grow bigger and diversify business, they opt for cross-listing to raise capital from larger and more liquid foreign securities industrys. In 2009, close to 3100 firms cross listed their equity on major overseas stock exchanges globally (World Federation of Exchanges, 2010, list provided in appendix) . It is not only pursued by companies from essential countries but companies from emerging countries are also actively participating. Some major global cross-listing destinations are New York cable Exchange, NASDAQ, London Stock Exchange, Tokyo Stock Exchange, Shanghai Stock Exchange, and so on. The key focus of this paper will be on examining the stock price reaction and the patterns of returns before and after listing da te for a diverse sample of firms from variant countries specifically in the case of London Stock Exchange (LSE). Existing literature has enough render that cross-listings on US exchanges are associated with considerable positive stock market reactions (Foerster and Karolyi, 1999 Miller, 1999). However, there has been limited research on the impact of cross-listing on non US exchanges. This serves as a primary motivation for my interest to explore and gain understanding on a stocks return in its home market as result of cross-listing on LSE. The rest of this paper is structured in the following manner. Section 2 provides a literature review, while section 3 outlines the data, sample and research methodology. Section 4 presents the empirical results and its discussions. Finally, in section 5 I draw a conclusion.In this section, I present an overview of the quick literature that has been reviewed as a part of gaining an understanding on the extent of work that has already been done on the topic of cross-listing and its impact on stock returns. Moreover, literature review was also essential for understanding the statistical methodologies and approaches that I can apply in this paper for testing my hypothesis. Cross listing has been a topic of immense interest among researchers for a long time. There has been lot of developments as well as debate in the cross-listing literature on its different aspects such as motivation for companies to cross-list, whether cross-listing creates value, its impact on risk and return, its financial and economic impacts so on and so forth.

Security Communities :: essays research papers

Security Communities and Multilateralism1. The United States and Canada have enjoyed a very peaceful relationship over the past 125 years, even though they sh be a border that is 5,000 miles long and open(a). Shore says that ?neither side regards the other as even a potential military threat, disdain the fact that interstate anarchy supposedly makes war an ever-present possibility. Conflicts materialize and are resolved without the expectation that they might lead to violence.? (Shore, 1998, 333) Because of this relationship, Shore says the US and Canada are a perfect example of a pluralistic security community. The peaceful US-Canada relationship is largely the result of the political learning that has occurred over the past dickens centuries. While the United States and Canada have had their share of political problems, these problems have not been the type that can create insecurity within the region. As Shore says, the undefended border has prompted both the United States and Canada to see each other in pacific terms, even when there is antagonism and miscommunication. Specifically, the demilitarization both countries have engaged in has helped promote a climate of trust between them. The shared values of the US-Canadian political systems has also guaranteed that a shared US-Canada identity has developed to bind the devil countries? interests together, so that they have established transnational relations in terms of shared political economic, and cultural exchange. Shore notes that Canadian and American ways of support have become inextricably linked. As a result, peaceful expectations have reinforced peaceful practices, and vice versa, so that war seems absurd, and an undefended border as well as peace seem normal. Any problems in terms of political behavior have largely involved Canadian nationalism, as Canadian leaders try to get their country to follow a path that isn?t always dependent on the actions of the United States. There have been proble ms with the two countries ? economic behavior, because their economies are linked. The North American Free Trade Agreement has closely connected the American and Canadian economies, so that if one falters the other?s economy falters as well. However, there have been few economic woes since NAFTA became law, which indicates that the economic relationship between the two countries is a strong as ever. For the European marriage ceremony (E.U.) there are numerous problems with their political behavior. The EU is expanding, incorporating Greece and other Eastern European countries, yet European countries are experiencing a backlash of nationalistic fanaticism against the immigration that the EU permits.

Stereotypes and Diversity in the Movie, Crash Essay examples -- Racism

Stereotyping is a major issue in the world today, however, in general in the United States. It is known as fixed impressions, exaggerated or preconceived ideas about particular social groups, usually based solely on physical appearance (The New York Company). fragmentize is a great example because it shows others stereotyping individuals in many ways. According to Schingel, it is the perfect analogy of how we as a gentleman race deal with life, people and our own experiences. The ikon, released in 2005, shows each lineaments point of view, rather it be from an African-American, Caucasian, or a Latino. It follows each character throughout the movie to show how they live their daily lives. Crash is known for having numerous examples of stereotypes. It shows characters stereotyping against all races, no matter what the condition may be. For instance, one illustration of label is with Sandra Bullocks character. Her character is afraid of every race excep t Caucasian. In the movie Crash, she had a gun shoved to her head by two black men while they take her car. Another case is when she pulls her husband aside and tells him that she wanted the new lock changed the next morning because she was afraid the Mexican male who was changing the lock would give away his homeys a key. She states, He is a gang-banger because of his shaved head, prison tattoos and his pants around his ass (Schingel). However, she could not have been more wrong. Daniel, the locksmith, was actually a well-mannered family guy. Daniel, of course, is a sweet-natured husband and father struggling to get his family to a neighborhood where the gunfire doesnt pop all night (Burr). What Sandra Bullock did to the locksmith was incorrect and spitef... ...there is good and bad in everyone. It is just the way the world works. In all cultures, there is the good, bad, and the ugly. Each person in each culture has their faults, but also at the similar time, they hav e their nobility and heroic side. Works CitedA Definition of Stereotypes. The New York Times 2008 20Mar2008 .Burr, Ty. Well-acted Crash is a course in stock characters..Crash. Haggis, Paul. (DVD), 2005Greydanus, Steven. Crash (2005).http//www.decentfilms.com/sections/reviews/crash2005.html. 2008.Schingel, Rebecca. How the Movie Crash Illustrates Race and Ethnic Relations in America.http//www.associatedcontent.com/article/18187/how_the_movie_crash_illustrates_race.html. 2006.

Term Paper on Computer Games

Intelligence and Dexterity atomic number 18 beneficial gift that God has endowed us. Hence, Man has the ability to tinker with nature. It is f doual and quitd. We set out the greatest opportunity to manipulate things standardized The Development of Medicine Swift Transportation Rapid Communications and the Aggrandizement of Technology. One of this is COMPUTER GAMES. computing device Games is mavin of the vital issues in our society to be focused on. Why? Be establish they say that data processor Games be adept of the vices that the teenagers ar been addicted, attached with.They could spend all daylight dependable to wanton various online or downloaded back ups. Seemingly, it is there cravings for them to be satisfied. Just like there days wouldnt complete if not played just even one gimpy. According to Surveys, estimator Games has indeed a great effect on everybody. Because, we notify visualize myriad teenagers seated in bird-scarer of computer set playing, enjoyi ng, and cussing with each other. YES, CUSSING. When been fond of it, teenagers are gradually adapting the nature of a maniac player. Now, they know how to use vulgar words to express their feelings, a vol provokeo that would about to erupt.Another thing is that, we can no longer much to see youth who plays basketball, volleyball and the rest of the Sports Games that can really helped a administer in our health and personal attributes. Thats why they also added that calculator Games is gradually defeating sports. This is why the Government should take its action to give remedy to this plaguey issue concerns our youth of today. Today, parents still worry about the effectuate of untrained computer games and of course it also remains a popular topic for the media.However, with a growing number of infantren and teens employ up excessive time playing computer games, perhaps parents should be more worried about teenagers addicted to computer games than the effects of violent Comp uter Games. An examination of the literature reveals that those who study video game addiction sometimes disagree on the proportion of tikeren and teenagers addicted to computer games. However, the absolute majority of studies suggest that approximately 5 to 10% of youth who play computer games become addicted.Compared to other psychological difficulties (such(prenominal) as depression and anxiety), teenage computer game addiction is obviously a relatively saucily problem faced by families. As such, parents may lack accurate and/or helpful selective information on the signs of computer game addiction, the risk factors for video game addiction, and strategies for helping teenagers addicted to computer games after the problem develops. BACKGROUND The debate on whether Computer Games have social effects and cause violence among the players, especially tykeren, can be traced back to 1976 when a video game entitled Death career was released on the market.The main aim of the game wa s to run over screaming gremlins using a car which would and so turn into tombstones. The pace of the game was walker and the gremlins resembled human figures. There was a public outcry over this video game and eventually its production ceased. There were other violent Computer Games that were produced afterwards in 1993, such as Night Trap and Mortal Combat, that were followed by public outcry. In the same class, a board was established in the coupled States to look into Computer Games and rate them according to their content (Siwek, 2007).The board is known as the entertainment software rating board (ESRB). The other video game that attracted media attention was Rapelay, produced in 2006 (Siwek, 2007). The video game required players to rape and stalk a woman and her two girls. Such Computer Games are said to cause behavioral change among tykeren. There are several incidents that are tie in to Computer Games, such as the massacre at Columbine High give lessons that claimed 13 lives. Laws have been enacted to ban or harbour the sale of Computer Games.For example, on the 27th of June 2007, the Supreme Court of the United States overturned the law in California that banned the sale of Computer Games to minors (Siwek, 2007). The court ruled that the law violated the freedom of speech even though the state has an bargain to protect kids from harm. Another aspect that should be noted regarding Computer Games is that boys spend more time playing than girls. Not galore(postnominal) girls are interested in playing Computer Games, hence they are not affected as much as boys of a similar age (Anderson & Bushman, 2001).The Drawbacks of Children acting Computer Games some of the proscribe effects as a result of playing Computer Games among children can be blamed on the violent scenes contained in these games. When a child spends an extended amount of time playing such Computer Games, they becomes socially isolated. This doer that a child does not have eno ugh time to move with other members of society (Anderson & Bushman, 2001). The child who spends many hours a day playing Computer Games allow have no time to meet and make new friends. They may in turn become more depressed and lonelier in their homes.Children exit also spend little time on other activities such as sports, reading, and doing homework. The child becomes socially inactive since they do not get involved in social activities. Some Computer Games teach children wrong set (Gunter, 1998). Most of the children who spend much of their time playing Computer Games are likely to perform poorly in school. A solid number of Computer Games are addictive. Rather than studying or completing homework, a child spends time playing Computer Games. As a result, poor performance will be seen at schools. Computer Games reduce a childs imaginative thinking as well.This means that a child who ends up spending to the highest degree of their time playing Computer Games does not get a chan ce to think creatively or independently. Imaginative thinking is crucial in developing a childs creativity. By fostering isolation, Computer Games may also affect a childs health. Since they do not get enough bodily exercise, children who spend the majority of their time playing Computer Games are likely to suffer from video-induced seizures, obesity and skeletal, muscular and postural disorders like tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, among others.Computer Games promote children to associate happiness and pleasure with the capability to cause pain to others. They develop the feeling that in order to be happy, one has to make other people suffer. Children who play Computer Games tend to develop selfish behavior (Anderson & Bushman, 2001). Computer Games teach the player to be dependent and since the child is left alone while playing the game, they can develop selfish behavior. A certain study that was done at the Minneapolis-based national institute for media indicated that kids can get addicted to Computer Games and exhibit social phobias.The interactive quality of Computer Games is quite different from passively viewing movies or television. The games allow players to be active participants in the script. The players who are able to benefit from acts of violence are then able to proceed to the next level (Sherry, 2001). As a negative result of playing Computer Games, violence in children has shown an increase. Anderson and Dill found that males who were high in aggression and irritability, showed the strongest association between video game play and bellicose behavior (Lillian Bensely & Juliet Van Eenwyk, 2001).There are many incidents of violent behavior among children who play violent Computer Games worldwide (Gunter, 1998). One of the high-profile incidents is the Columbine High initiate massacre that was caused by 17 year-old Dylan Klebold, and 18 year-old Harris Eric. The massacre happened on the 20th of April, 1999, at Columbine High School, located in Jefferson County. 12 pupils and a teacher were killed by two pupils. It was later revealed that the two shooters in the massacre were frequent players of weapon-based combat games.It was also noted that the two shooters used to play Wolfeinstein 3D and denominate, games which are violent. subsequently the incident, many newspaper articles claimed that the key cause of that incident was violent Computer Games. Another incident occurred in April, 2000 when Jose Rabadan, a sixteen year-old Spaniard, killed his parents and his sister using a katana sword, claiming that he was Squall Leonhart, the main character in the video game titled Final Fantasy V111, on a mission to avenge. This was a consequence of playing the game too much and fantasizing about what he saw in the video game (Williams, & Marko, 2005).In 1997, there was the case of a long dozen year-old Wilson Noah, who was killed by his friend using a kitchen knife. The mother of the deceased claimed that Noah was stabbed be cause of the obsession his friend had with the video game known as Mortal Combat. She asseverate that the child who killed Noah was obsessed with the game, and thought he was one of the characters in the game named Cyrax. In the game, Cyrax is using a finishing move whereby he grabs the opponent and stabs him in the chest. It was alleged that this was the move that motivated the killing of that child.There are many other incidents that were caused by the effects of playing Computer Games. A report that was compiled by the FBI in the year 2006 showed that the playing of Computer Games among children was one of the behavioral traits linked to school shootings. The report outlined several factors behind school shootings of which playing violent Computer Games was the most obvious (Anderson & Bushman, 2001). According to Gentile and Anderson, playing Computer Games increases the aggressive behavior of the player, since the acts of violence are continually repeated during the game (Gent ile, & Anderson, 2003).Although heightened physiological arousal (e. g. , embrace rate, blood pressure, skin conductance) can be beneficial in certain situations, physiological arousal produced by violent media (or by other sources), can be linked to an increase in aggressive behavior, especially when that arousal can be erroneously attributed to another provoking event, rather than to the violent media. Repetition of an act has been considered an effective teaching method, reinforcing learners patterns (Barlett, Harris, & Bruey, 2007). The games encourage the players to reference play or identify with their favorite character (Gentile & Anderson, 2003). The increase in physical bullying in many schools can also be linked to the popularity of Computer Games that contain violent content. A study done in 2008, indicated that about 60% or more of middle school boys ended up striking or beating somebody after playing at least one mature-rated video game. The investigate also showed t hat about 39% of boys who never played violent Computer Games were not involved in any form of violence.When playing Computer Games, players are rewarded for simulating violence. This enhances the learning of violent behavior among the children who find pleasure in violent Computer Games. When violence is rewarded while playing Computer Games, players tend to develop aggressive behavior. As noted earlier, Computer Games desensitize players to real- liveness violence. The exposure to Computer Games causes a reduction in P300 amplitudes that are contained in the brain. The child will later hold aggressive behavior and desensitization to violence (Bartholow, Bushman & Sestir, 2006).After children experience violence while playing Computer Games, they are likely to develop a fear of adequate victims of violent acts. According to the report compiled by six leading national medical associations in 2000, children do not trust their fellow children and hence will develop violent, self-pro tective measures. The exposure to cruel Computer Games also leads to reduced empathy among the players. From a survey conducted by Jeanne Funk in 2004, Computer Games are the only media linked or associated with low empathy.Empathy is described as the capacity or ability to understand other peoples feelings. The level of empathy plays a noteworthy role in evaluating a persons morals. Empathy also controls aggressive behavior among individuals, especially children (Bartholow, Bushman & Sestir, 2006). After lacking empathy as a consequence of violent Computer Games, these children are likely to be violent. Repetition of actions when one is playing a video game affects the subconscious mind, hence a behavioral script is developed. A sound example of a behavioral script is that developed by drivers.It urges the driver to first get into a car, fasten their safety belt and then start the car. Similarly, Computer Games induce a child to develop a behavioral script that urges them to respon d violently to a certain situation (Gunter, 1998). Playing Computer Games teaches children that violence is an acceptable way of solving their conflicts. Those who play Computer Games, especially games with violent content, do not develop the belief that using non-violence means can solve a problem. They tend to be less forgiving when compared to those children who play non-violent Computer Games (Sherry, 2001).Children tend to confuse real-world violence with video game violence. After fantasizing about the violence in Computer Games, children are likely to fight in schools and in the streets. New Computer Games allow a lot of physical interaction with the players. Some Computer Games train players on how to be a killer. For example, in 1996, the Marine Corps in the United States authorized the release of Doom 11, which was a violent video game. The game was previously used to train marine soldiers. Such games can train children to be high-profile killers.Most Computer Games have represent a negative attitude towards women. Violence against women is likely to increase in a child who plays condemnable Computer Games (Gunter, 1998). Counter Arguments In any life situation and with any sort of problem, there are those who disagree with the majority. Likewise, there are researchers who present various antagonistic arguments to support the idea that Computer Games can be beneficial for children. The first counter argument against the side effects of Computer Games is the fact that children are not isolated as they have online playing period communities.Children who are unable to associate with others do not feel isolated since they are left to play Computer Games. For example, a child who is not physically fit to play with others can turn to Computer Games during their free time to reduce boredom. It has been noted that violent juvenile crimes have been decreasing in the new-fangled years, yet the popularity of Computer Games has been increasing. For the peri od 1995 to 2008, the rate of arrest of juvenile murderers lessen by 71. 9%, while the overall arrest cases concerning juvenile violence decreased by 49%.In the same period, the sale of cruel Computer Games increased by almost 4 times compared to the years before. From these statistics, one can conclude that there is no direct correlation between violent juvenile crimes and Computer Games. There has been no scientifically proven link between violent behavior among children and Computer Games. Most of the surveys carried out on Computer Games are affected by design flows. The surveys are done within a nobble duration of time and do not follow kids for any considerable period of time. After a short observation, conclusions are then drawn.The other counter argument against Computer Games is that children learn real life-skills when playing Computer Games. Players of brutal Computer Games are able to learn how to regulate their emotions when playing (Anderson, Gentile, & Buckley, 2007) . The level of control developed while playing Computer Games in terms of directing actions and pace are prudent ways of regulating the emotional state of children. The perceptual experience of being in control of actions minimizes emotional and stressful responses to events. Aggressive and angry feelings can be relieved by playing Computer Games.When a child plays Computer Games, it is one of the best ways of relieving aggression and depression. Many children play Computer Games to relieve anger while others play Computer Games to relax their bodies. Children are given healthy and safe opportunities to virtually explore the rules and consequences of violent behavior when they play Computer Games (Bartholow, Bushman & Sestir, 2006). After playing Computer Games, especially ones that contain violence, children are able to develop ways of escaping violence. The form of violence can be affected by Computer Games, but does not necessarily lead to the accompaniment of violence.Through the challenges faced while playing some Computer Games, children are able to learn how to avoid violence, or how to escape from violence. Those who hold the view that Computer Games do not have negative effects on children indicate that Computer Games do not lead a child to violence, but instead, violent children are the ones who are interested in Computer Games (Anderson, Gentile & Buckley, 2007). Conclusion The argument about whether Computer Games have negative or positive effects on children is broad, and depends on ones philosophical views.Most of the research projects that have been conducted on the authentic effects of media brutality on behavior of children have include small, often unrepresentative samples and unique examples of media violence (Dietz, 1998). This paper has compiled some of the negative effects of Computer Games among children. Some of the negative effects include children feeling isolated from society, becoming more violent and aggressive, as well as lackin g communicative skills. When playing Computer Games, children spend extended periods of time by themselves and do not have much interaction with other children, except for the virtual ones.As a result, children who play Computer Games do not develop effective converse skills with others, since hours, if not all their spare time is spent on Computer Games. There has also been a rise in violence among children who play Computer Games, the Columbine High School massacre being one such example. Injuries and fighting at home and outdoors have risen because of children playing brutal Computer Games (Anderson, Gentile, & Buckley, 2007). Some researchers however argue that Computer Games can and do have positive effects on children.They point out that children are not isolated, as they develop online gaming communities. Children are also able to learn real-life skills while playing Computer Games, as well as, learn how to escape violence. However, what both sides agree upon is that parents should guide their children on the outcomes of playing Computer Games. Personally, I think that Computer Games can be allowed when selected with caution and are not played frequently. As long as virtual reality does not replace a childs real-life communication, Computer Games can become a great selection for a childs leisure.

Compare/Contrast: Two Competing Firms Essay

We all know and understand the importance of good marketing, advertising and promotion of a companys goods or services. Many young business arrangements spend thousands of dollars from their budgets for various advertising campaigns, promotional materials and publicity in order to attract more customers, look trus bothrthy, and eventually receive more profits. I could experience how this strategy works and how it fails to work in such service sector as tourism, and this report is a summary of my research.This summer my chum salmon and I wanted to take a trip to the West Rim of the Great Canyon, so we decided to use the services of Travel Guide, one of the nigh known tour agencies in my city, which is continually advertised in local media. Its position was very busy, and we were treated there as usual clients who are non ordering a luxury tour. During the trip we had many little problems, because it included a lot of challenging activities, like rafting or a mule ride. My broth er damaged his back, and we had to wait for medical aid for several hours. Unfortunately, the trip was not too well- organised and quite disappointing.In December I got a chance to go to Aspen to ski with my friend, who recommended me to use the services of another tour provider, Telehaus. It is a small private agency which works without massive advertising and expands its client database at the outgo of own good reputation. We were overwhelmed with the attitude and attention we had received in Telehaus. We were provided with everything needed for the trip, including special maps and Tips for safe skiing. The trip was great, and we had a very competent piling travel specialist, who really helped us a lot and was always available in case of any trouble.Therefore, the most important difference between these two companies was the quality of their services. During our trip to the Grand Canyon, there was always some disarrangement and scheduling problems, therefore, many times we had to wait here and there. Telehaus had much better organization of the tour and we were very happy with the hotel services, as well as with the entertainment program. That is why I rated Travel Guide services as 45/ snow and Telehaus services as 95/100.Another important difference was the quality of their work with the clients, especially during the reception in the agencies. We were just routine customers in the office of Travel Guide, but in Telehaus we felt ourselves special and appreciated. Telehaus employees were more cooperative and professional when helping us to select a hotel, and their work is organized better and more effectively, then the work of Travel Guide.Nevertheless, I have to mention a number of some small differences, which made me regress 95/100 to Telehaus. The first one is the variety of the tours they offer. As I could learn from the booklets of Travel Guide, they can arrange a trip to almost every nook of the world including exotic islands, etc. But Telehaus works with a limited number of tour-operators. Besides, Telehaus can offer mostly quite expensive hotels or apartments, which makes their services unavailable for the customers who have low budgets for traveling.Finally, one more principal difference is the approaches of these two companies to their services, related to advertising and marketing. Travel Guide is a well-promoted and well-advertised brand name in the market, which has great professional connections, considerable number of clients and good profits. However, Telehaus does not spend its resources on advertising, but tries to attract new customers with the help of good reputation, high-quality services and competence of the employees.What I have learnt from my experience is that excessive advertising is not everything. In order to make a company successful, it is perfectly necessary to combine a number of various effective strategies helping to boost the business and maximize the incomes. Those strategies must include we ll-planned marketing and advertising campaigns, good organization of the work, selection of qualified, skilled and responsible employees, working on some innovative ideas, and many others.

Affordable Healthcare Act in North Carolina Essay

Affordable wellness sustainment coverage for all Americans was a challenge the government faced. The United States was the only genuine country without national health care system in place for citizens. The government actively sought to provide affordable insurance while unconditional escalating costs and improving fibre care. Americans deserve to suck an opportunity to prevent chronic illnesses before they transpire. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the Affordable Healthcare suffice impacted wedlock Carolina, its impact on economics, and ethical implications. Impact of the Affordable attention turn of events on the PopulationThe Affordable veneration Act do a positive impact on the lower class Americans in North Carolina. People without insurance are less likely to go to the get due to costs. As a result, urgent care or the emergency rooms end up being their plan of care. Americans without health insurance have less access to effective clinical services inclu ding preventive care and, if sick or injured, are more likely to suffer poorer health outcomes, great poseations in quality of life, and premature death (Institute of Medicine, 2009, p. 49). In 2011, childless, nondisabled, nonelderly adults, unemployed or homeless could not qualify for Medicaid (Milstead, 2013). According to the case study figures one (2009) and two (2014) provided by Milstead (2013), there was an increase of 62% in children between the ages of 6-18 years that are currently receiving health care though the Affordable divvy up Act. thither are several factors that may have contributed to the increase of enrollees such as simple requirements, pamphlets, websites, and healthcare professionals educated almost the quality of care. This act will answer healthcare professionals in promoting primary prevention. This in turn, will assist in preventing advanced disease processes. Quality of care will improve with both the coaction of an interdisciplinary team as well as preventative measures. Patients want fast and convenient access to quality care (White, 2011).The Impact of economics on patient careEconomic status should not be a consideration when providing care. The wealthy can buy their way out of any approaches that limit choice orrestrict access to what is judged more convenient and perhaps higher quality care (Knickman & Kovner, 2011). Even within the United States, expenditures on health care vary a great deal across communities and states with little to no difference in health outcomes. In essence, cost containment in health care will happen if we can figure out how to invest in healthy lifestyles in ways that lead to long-term financial and health returns (Knickman, 2011). Preventive care is the best way to reduce health care costs.Relationship between patients quality care and costThe Affordable Care Act will provide individuals with health insurance and reimbursement will be based on quality and volume of individuals a clinician tre ats (Siberman et al, 2011). Because of the Affordable Care Act, there should be an increase of competent clinicians to treat and prevent chronic diseases. In order to receive quality care, health care providers must make ethical decisions about care, not decisions based off how much care would cost.Ethical implications of the act for organization and patient Ethical decision making involves explicit questions that should be answered in order to decide whether the proposed action is good or morally correct. Ethics applies to the determination of right and wrong in how people relate to one another. It is inherent that all clinicians have ethics in mind when determining care. The education of professionals is included in the Affordable Care Act in hopes to increase quality of care, access, and treatment of patients (Kohlenberg, 2011). Clinicians should make appropriate decisions when ordering diagnostic tests to make sure they are not wasting the organizations money yet soundless pro viding exceptional care.ConclusionThe government actively sought to provide affordable insurance while controlling escalating costs and improving quality care. The Affordable Care Act made a positive impact on the lower class Americans in North Carolina. Economic status should not be a consideration when providing care. The Affordable Care Act will provide individuals with health insurance and reimbursement will be based on quality and volume of individuals a clinician treats (Siberman et al, 2011). In order to receive quality care, health careproviders must make ethical decisions about care, not decisions based off how much care would cost. It is essential that all clinicians have ethics in mind when determining care. In the end, patients want fast and convenient access to quality care (White, 2011). university extensionInstitute of Medicine.(2009). Uninsured Americans. In A. Kovner & J. Knickman. Jonas & Kovners Health Care Delivery in the United States. Springer Publishing Compan y, LLC. Laureate Education, Inc. Knickman, J. & Kovner, A. (2009). The Future of Health Care Delivery in the United States. Springer Publishing Company, LLC. Laureate Education, Inc. Kohlenberg, E. (2011). Contribution of nursing education programs to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act in North Carolina. North Carolina Medical Journal, 72(4), 289-292. Siberman, P. (2011). Implementation of the Affordable Care Act in North Carolina. North Carolina Medical Journal, 72(2), 155-159. White, H. (2011). What is Cost, Anyway? In A. Kovner & J. Knickman. Jonas & Kovners Health Care Delivery in the United States. Springer Publishing Company, LLC. Laureate Education, Inc.

Breaking Up with Someone You Love Essay

During my first year in college, I fell in love with a co-freshman. We went steady after a two-month courtship. However, only after a few months of seeing the movies together, eating at our favorite restaurants, visiting the most exciting debar in the locality, staying up late together to study, and just even staring into blank space together, we finally broke up. Allow me to share with you the details of our tell up On a Sunday morning, while I was jogging around our neighborhood as part of my daily r prohibitedine, somebody called me on my cellular ph nonpareil.The caller, who is in truth someone that I go to English class with first asked how I am doing, which I answered with the typical response, Hi, fine I guess, thank you, and how close you? She actually did not pay attention to my question, which I found very odd since she is the type who would always politely respond to anything an individual asks. subsequently that she asked if I was already done with our project/homewo rk that is due the following day. Again, I thought that was really bizarre, she is very independent as a student and does not engage herself with such.I felt really weird and so I eventually had the courage to ask her why she really bothered to call me. After a lot of uhmms, errs, and other speech impediments, she finally said it. She saw my boyfriend being exceedingly intimate with another girl. I believe I heard her say goodbye after saying take it easy, girl, leave him and get on with life there are too many guys out there who deserves to be with you far better than him. I was not able to respond though.Right then and there, I felt extreme weakness I could no longish go on with my jogging, in fact, I could barely walk. Then I told myself, I have not seen him do that or possibly that was a cousin whom he is extremely close with or Maybe my classmate in English just wanted to make fun of me. Those lines did not help to make me feel better though, in fact, it became worse. I felt excruciating pain, like a cold knife that cut through my heart. I felt absolutely terrible. When I arrived home, I decided to weigh things over again.I told myself, My classmate may be telling the truth, but I actually havent seen it for myself. So with that, I felt a little better. I decided to change from my sporty attire to a casual one since I needed to go to the bookstore and buy a few things required by the school. Upon arriving at the bookstore, I first went to the books section to check on the new releases, as well as, the best sellers for the week. To my dismay, I saw my boyfriend there at the fiction section getting intimate with another lady.With what I saw, I already forgot what I was going to do or buy there, what I did was I immediately rushed out the door and went home. I stayed in my room, just sat in my bed, and stared into blank space. Then I went down to the kitchen to prepare a few dishes, just like what I always do when I am terribly pressured, stressed or in a lot of pain. I also cleaned the refrigerator, took out the veggies that seem to be no longer edible, and then reorganized everything inside it. I also cleaned my room.Then I called him up and asked if we could meet. He excitedly and gleefully said yes and decided on the get together place. When I arrived at the coffee shop we agreed to stay in, I sat for a few minutes, composed myself, making sure I would not cry or get mad before I told him this, I was told about what you didI did not believe it at first, however, when I saw you former today at the bookstore, I realized, my classmate was not at all making fun of meI am sorry but this is goodbye.I even asked him if there was anything he wanted to say but he simply nodded so I smiled at him to show him I wasnt change taste and that I am happy I discovered his dishonesty early then I left the premises. Works Cited * Since this is an essay which entails a personal experience, no reference has been utilized for this.

Overcoming Multimedia Addiction Essay

nearly of the students nowa mean solar days atomic number 18 struggling to stay awake part the rest of the world is asleep just to read their friends posts and comments and status on Facebook. They even spend most of their magazine staring at the big screens of their face-to-face computers just to tactic online games standardized DOTA and Counterstrike. Some similarly spend their money just to buy the latest mobile straits, mp3 players, and other techno gadgets out there. However, they must hold back in mind that everything has its own limits. Otherwise, it bunghole become a cause of concern and in extreme cases, addiction. Mul successiondia addiction can cause demolition and violence to students.Multimedia is simply defined as multi tasking of applications in a single device or gadget. This includes graphics, animation, pictures, videos, and other applications which can be opened at the same time or consecutively. Smart phone, laptop, iPod, television, and mp4 player ar e some of numerous multimedia system gadgets that are in especially to students because of its amazing features.Consider the television. Whether it is a box, slim, or unconditional screen, it has become almost homogeneous another member of the household. It sits in the living room, in the kitchen, or even in the terrace of your house. It bombards us with all kinds of knowledge about almost whateverthing under the sun. It informs us on what laundry soap to use what toothpaste to brush our teeth with, or which candidate to vote in the 2013 election. It brings us local news and news from around the world. And of course, it entertains us with sports, music, movies, telenovelas, lifestyle segments and variety programs. Cellular phones, on the other hand, are used for communication purposes.But because of technological advancements, new applications like built- in cameras are added to them. Thats why many people patronize it so much. Laptops are made for easy handling. Unlike perso nal computers, you can now bring it anywhere because of its small size. Almost every student today has his or her own laptops. The dependence on multimedia gadgets unravel to students who became the primary beneficiaries of these gadgets. Tech- net survey said that 42 % of students are using mobile phones, 36 % are using laptop, 15 % are using play station, and 7 % are using mp3 players (2012 Most Addicting Gadgets, www. Technet.com).The use of multimedia gadgets can be inferential and destructive to students (Despabiladeras 15). Many of them consider the use of these gadgets constructive when they service of process them in their studies. Today, the internet is the major source of knowledge and information. In just one click, they can now find the answers to their assignments. They also use software like Microsoft office and the like for their project presentation. Many schools now use computer oriented techniques for teaching. The traditional way of teaching like writing too ma ny lessons in a manila paper is already replaced by powerpoint presentations which are indeed favorable for the students. They no longer copy too many notes because there are handouts already prepared for them. Multimedia also gives information about the latest happenings and discoveries around the world. The use of social media sites like Facebook allows them to socialize with other people. Some also register that playacting online games like DOTA and Counterstrike accept positive effects on them because they relieve stress from the hectic schedule of their schooling.In contrary, students say that multimedia gadgets can be destructive too. Problems begin when students became addicted to these gadgets to the point of discarding other activities which can truly put on their labyrinthine sense and studies (www. Gadgetforums.com). Because of these gadgets, they now prefer playing games that reading books. In most schools, use of cellular phones is banned but many of the students s till carry them. They push their parents to buy them the latest mobile phone or other gizmos because their peers use it.The effect of this addiction is that they can no longer resist themselves from taking calls and accessing Facebook and other social networking sites during school hours. The use of gadgets can be destructive when it makes your personality bad like when you become wild because of video games, Bryan Capus said ( Despabiladeras 15). They forgot to budget their time because most of their time are consumed by these gadgets. The overuse of these also affects their health. Too much exposure to these gadgets can cause diseases like brain tumor and cancer caused by radiation ( Radiation From Gadgets, www. Healthcare.com). They are prone to sickness because they no longer engaged in outdoor activities.It is alarming to know that 47 % of students nowadays are addicted to computers and other multimedia gadgets ( Despabiladeras 16.). Their parents have a big role in overcoming their childrens addiction. For example, most of the students are advised or told by their parents to limit their internet surfing time until 830 p.m. or 900 p.m. or but not to reach 1000 p.m. as they have classes the next day ( Clifford 72). Some also advice their children to engage in other recreational activities like playing basketball or playing the guitar instead of watching T.V. or sitting all day in front of their PCs. One parent posted the following on gadgetforums.comIn todays high- tech and modern world, we are all affiliated with each other through the miracle of working inventions and innovations like PC, tablets, smart phones, gaming, internet and so much more. And I think we feel that we wont have a normal day without getting hooked to any one of these devices. The problem begins to rise when our children became addicted to these gadgets to the point of discarding other activities which can truly affect their balance and health. To negate this, I try to ensure my son has balance in this area. Playing team sports has helped, thats one thing in his like that doesnt require gadget. Sports is one of the best ways to add moving activities to a childs routine with the aim of creating a certain balance between studying and playing. We could not really avoid our children to get into gadgets as this is the wave of the future with the introduction of tablets which can he fully integrate with schools in the near future ( www.gadgetforums.com).According to gadgetforums.com, there are eight ways to overcome gadget addiction. First, limit the amount of time you spent on any type of gadget. Second, learn to balance and manage your time. Make a time table on when to use your gadget. Third, spend most of your time in your studies. This get out give you higher grades in return. Fourth, read books rather than playing games. Surfing the internet for recent news and discoveries will help too. Fifth, spend your free time with your family and friends. Go to an outin g of family reunion that doesnt require gadgets.Sixth, socialize with your true friends, not your virtual friends. Your Facebook friends will never help you if you have a problem. Seventh, avoid buying newly released gadgets if you still have one that is still working. And the last is self discipline. It is interesting to know the opinions of students on multimedia gadget addiction whether it is constructive or destructive for them and what their parents do in influencing their media habits. To prevent this addiction, students should analyze their gadget preferences and see whats good of bad in it for them. They must set in mind that multimedia gadgets is there to help them, not to enslave them.

Ways of Forming Words

WAYS OF FORMING WORDS Compounding is the term administration process in which two or much words combine into a single unfermented word. Compound words may be written as one word or as two words joined with a hyphen. Shortening is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the word. Blending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. Affixing is the word formation process in which a prefix, suffix or infix attaches to the low form of a word to create a new word.Back-formation is the word formation process in which an actual or supposed derivational supply detaches from the base form of a word to create a new word. (SIMPSONS EXAMPLE BILLBOARD FOR TONIGHT WRITERS ON WRITING, TOMORROW JANITORS ON JANITING) Conversion is the word formation process in which a word of one grammatical form becomes a word of another gr ammatical form without any changes to spell out or pronunciation. Abbreviation is the word formation process in which a word or phrase is shortened.Intialisms are a type of abbreviation form by the initial letters of a word or phrase. Acronyms are words formed by the word formation process in which an initialism is say as a word. Eponyms are words formed from the name of a real of fictitious person. Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation processes and often from seemingly nothing. Borrowing is the word formation process in which a word from one language is borrowed directly into another language.Calquing is the word formation process in which a borrowed word or phrase is literally translated from one language to another. Commonisation is the process of a products brand-name becoming the generic term for that product. Here are some examples of apiece of these ways of forming wo rds. Next to each one write the method that has been used. There is one example for each method. Word Method 1. AIDSAcronym (Since the initialism is pronounced like a actual word already. *other examples, scuba, laser 2. AlgebraBorrowing (from Greek) 3.Band-aidCommonisation for a stick-on gauze pad or strip 4. Break-upCompounding 5. DisappearAffixing 6. ExamShortening 7. Flea market -Calquing since its translated literally from marche aux puces in Paris, questionable because there are so many second-hand articles sold of all kinds that they are believed to gather fleas. 8. Microwave (noun) Microwave (verb)-Conversion (from the grammatical form of a noun to a verb) 9. MotelBlending (motor + hotel) 10. NylonCoining 11. RSVPAbbreviation 12. SandwichEponym (from Earl Sandwich) 13. TeleviseBackformation from picture

Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences

Pakistan daybook of amic equal Sciences (PJSS) Vol. 31, No. 1 (June 2011), pp. 185-199 amalgamations and Management A Case orbit of Pakistan telecom Corporation Muhammad Shaukat Malik Assistant Professor of Management and Human Resources Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan E-mail emailprotected edu. pk A. B. Basit Associate Professor of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Ahmad Kamal Qazi Assistant Manager-Marketing, PTCL, Multan Pakistan. E-mail emailprotected com Abstract amalgamations basic tout ensembley seek to climb the interest of their members.As a top dog goal, marriages exert a strong influence on individuals, presidencys and upon the giving medication to advance the economic and social positions of their constituents. Union play pregnant piece by adopting positions on such humans issues as unemployment, stock security, opportunity for advancement, tariffs, health c be, wages, social security etc. They try to influence the decisions of non only the administration of individual organization more all over also the state legislatures to improve campaign legalitys on variety of issues for welfare of their employees.In addition, wedlocks by performing their biovular goals provide a sense of belonging for employees to give them a sense of identification and purpose. This paper collide withshoot traces the historical development of labor yokes with rack upticular references to Pakistan, superiorlight their moral excellence and demerit, current position in public and insular organizations and challenge they are facing at present. Second it examines the berth of magnetic norths in Pakistans major institution ilk Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTCL).It is observed that over the metre nub is loosing their positions in the world as well as in Pakistan like in PTCL. aft(prenominal) privatizations since 2006 the state of the affairs of marrows at PTCL are very(prenominal) pathetic. Employees sha ke off lost all their hopes that the union will ever move round for their well beings. Unions need to follow themselves to be accepted by the employee and the leaders clear to work beyond their own(prenominal) interests. Unions need to demonstrate a larger social vision as well. Keywords Unions PTCL Collective Bargaining Agent 186 Pakistan Journal of companionable Sciences Vol. 31, No. Concept of union evolved in 18th century and within hundred years, unions in organization become so strong that they become the intimately critical variable to be managed by the organizational counsel. Unions represent the non managerial staff of an organization and work for their rights i-e salary rise, promotions, remedy operative environment and employee safety etc. Some beats the agenda of unions contradicts with the agenda of watchfulness out-of-pocket to which conflict gen datetes and if this issue is not headstrong in its early stage, it could result in strikes, shutdowns, police a rrests etc.Numbers of inter internal crimsont are evident to this theory. This paper aims to explore union role in the organizations and how they performed in different regimes in different organizations of the world and in Pakistan like Pakistan Telecommunication Limited (PTCL). The paper is structured as follows Following the introduction, section 2. 0 provides belles-lettres review about the unions history, their merits and demerits, their role in public and private organization, their progress in the world and in Pakistan.Section 3 provides an overview of Pakistan Telecom arena and PTCL. Section 4 provides the methodology substance abused for the study. Section 5 discusses the results of the study in detail and section 6 presents the overall conclusions and our recommendations. I. Introduction II. Literature criticism Farbar (2001) defined labor union as It is an association of workers who bargain collectively with their employer regarding the terms and agents of employme nt. Akteruzzaman (2006) says that labor unions as patience unions re voluntary associations of workers to embolden and protect their interest by collective endeavor and constitute an integral part of the relationship between the employees and employers. Whereas, Gomper (2009) has given more comprehensive definition in a way that labor union is a group of workers who have organized in score to pursue common work-related goals, such as better wages and benefits, safer workss conditions, and greater job security.By concluding all definitions we can say that labor union is Organization whose social status consists of workers and union leaders, and whose principal purposes are to negotiate wages and working condition terms, regulate relations between workers (its members) and the employer, bring collective action to enforce the terms of collective talk terms, bring forth youthful demands on behalf of its members, and help settle their grievances. The concept of combined effort b y the workers to protect their rights was initiated in 18th century from Britain.According to Mohar (2007), union were initially started in great Britain in 1780 when workers united against the Combination achievement implemented by the then Prime Minister William Pitt but they did not succeed and faced even more bitter laws like The Gagging Act (1817), Six Acts etc. Relief was started with the introduction of the Master and Servant Act (1867), the get by union act (1871), combination and property act of (1875), The Employers Liability Act (1880).However the unions got their real aptitude in 1913 after the implementation of Trade Union Act which gave the unions the right to have its subscriptions into a political and a social fund. The trend of unionism in Britain afterwards expanded to USA. Reynolds (2009) says that in Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 187 1860s political philosophy began to shift toward socialism and national address unions gains a real f oothold. According to Perlman (1922) point of view, in USA, trade unions really exploded during the nineteenth century with the founding of the first national union, the subject area dig Union (NLU).It was created in 1866 and was not exclusive to every particular kind of worker. Next, the Knights of labor party was founded in 1869. Their social rank peaked around 700,000 members, with close to of their key issues being child labor opposition and demands for an eight-hour day. The most famous American union was probably the American Federation of Labor (AFL), founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. laterwards, according to Allen (2005) in contrast to the craft unionism of the AFL, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) founded in 1905. It used violence to promote the reason of unskilled workers.The IWW virtually disappeared after World War I. In 1930s, the strategy of industrial unionism was pushed by John L. Lewis Committee for Industrial Organizations within the AFL. Founded i n 1933, the committee split from the AFL in 1938 as the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The Second Red Scare after World War II pushed the AFL and CIO into a 1955 merger as the AFL-CIO under Lewis leadership. In Indo-Pak, as reported by Bawa and Hashmi (2010), the concept of collective labor was introduced by Malik Gokhale which was given legal identity through the introduction of Trade Union Act 1926.At that time, two most strong unions working under the influence of National Congress and Socialist Party were Indian Trade Union Congress (INTUC) and Hindustan Mazdur Sabha (HMS). After the inception of Pakistan, the first trade union established in Pakistan was Pakistan Trade Union Federation (PTUF) having ties with INTUC and Mirza Ibrahim as its first President. Candland (2007) narrates the history of unions in Pakistan and say that up till 1952, no much developments were made in unions.In 1952, Pakistan Essential Services Act was promulgated which gave the regimen righ t to re stern any trade union and collective bargaining in any industry. First labor policy of regimen was announced on 15th August 1955, stating the workers to be the partners in industry, but no legislation was formulated in this regard. In 1958, General Ayub Khan imposed the martial law and abolished the first labor policy. On 4th February 1959, blurb labor policy namely Burki labor policy was announced which discouraged the labor unions and allowed the government to directly involves in the resolution of labor disputes.In 1969, labors started pressurizes the military government to get rights of forming trade unions with all powers, The government was ready to give the same rights but this policy could not overcome the unrest among the workers. This unrest among the workers was later cash by Bhutto and he supported the union leaders. According to Shah (2010), Bhutto formulated the People Labor Federation for organizing the labor and through them he gained the powers which helpe d him lot to win resource and become prime minister. After fall of 188 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1Bhutto government, in 1977 General Zia imposed the martial law and strictly banned the unions movement in Pakistan. This ban was partially lifted in the Junego government and later it was completely lifted by Benazir Bhutto in 1989 in her first tenure. Afterwards, more or less same policies were continued by Nawaz Sharif and Benazir in their respective regimes. General Musharraf right from beginning of his regime implemented several strict laws like Industrial Relations Ordinance 2002, Removal from Service (Special Powers) Ordinance, 2000 and other anti labor laws to limit activities of unions.In present Gilanis regime, some reliefs have been given to employees in pursuance of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto policies by announcing Workers Welfare Fund Ordinance, Employees Old-Age Benefit Act, amended Industrial Relations Ordinance with enhanced protection of worker, imposing condition on the pledge of employer to terminate workers job etc. These polices are intact till date. Donas(2005) says that unions adopt two means to fulfill their goals. First and foremost is through collective bargaining with the employer being as a representative of the employees.The second way they adopt is through efforts to influence government legislation. Unions are working twain in public and private sector organizations to protect the rights of employees. According to Edward (1989), currently unions are very strong in public sector. They have greater membership from the public sector organization. Blacnchflower and Bryson (2007) compared the union influence on wage in public and private sector and found that the unions working in public sector are able to get increase in the wage premium for the public sector employees substantially.They are of the view that although union membership in the twain public and private sectors has declined, but unions are still more regn ant in public sector. In order to avoid the decline in the membership of the unions, now unions are trying different strategies. Hamilton and Anderson (1999) stated that recent trend among unions is amalgamation. Unions are getting united in order to preserve the membership. According to Fernie and Metcalf (2005), with around 12% of privately employed workers as members, the future for private sector unionization looks black.According to Pantuosco (2008), private sector unionization has lost nearly 4 jillion members, while public sector unions have sustained the growth they accumulated in the late 1980s and 1990s. Figure 1 Public and Private Union Density 1983-2005 Source Pantuosco (2008) PP 35 Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 189 Edward (2010) tried to explain the reasons of decline of unions in private sector by stating that public agencies tend to be static in a way that once a union has organized a group of workers they tend to stay organized.By contrast, t he private sector is dynamic, with businesses going bankrupt and new businesses arising all the time. Also legion(predicate) public sector organizations are enjoying the status of monopoly and unions in public sector push for higher pay and higher government spending with little restraint. They do not care if the cost of government services goes up because the burden is borne by some bingle else. By contrast, private-sector unions are awake that higher costs for employers may result in lost sales and fewer union jobs.Figure 2 Union Member Shares of Employment Source Edward C. (2010) PP 1 Unions help the employees in lot many ways. Belman and Voos (1993) are of the view that unions typically help employees in raising the wages of the employees they represent. They also help in trim down income inequality within the represented firm, by reducing differentials between low-paid and high-paid diversified work force. Another important benefit of union mentioned by Ghosh et al. (2009) i s that it helps to improve job security, working environment and living conditions.According to Morris (2002), trade union act as the protecting sheets against the threats posed by the globalization on the employees. Since globalization require utmost utilization of the employees to compete in the market and in this case only unions will be protecting employees by negotiating the working hours and work load on the employees. Ghosh et al. (2009) says that unions are engaged in a number of welfare activities, such as providing housing and organizing cooperative societies to improve the quality of workers lives.In short unions restrict management freedom of action, pressurize them for uniformity of treatment, improve personnel policies and provide one plate forum to the employees to deal with management. Unions have some demerits too. According to Sherk (2009), trades unions can cause wages to go above equilibrium through the threat of strikes etc. and trade unions only consider the n eeds of its members. They often ignore the plight of those excluded from the labor markets, e. g. the unemployed.Also if unions go on strike and work unproductively, it can lead to lost sales and output. Another major disadvantage of union is paying the union dues. more or less collective 190 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 bargaining agreements require all employees to support the union financially as a condition of their continued employment. Another important demerit identified by Levine (2001) is that unions generally interfere with efficiency, because they protect unproductive workers, raise costs, distort incentives, and frustrate entrepreneurship.Hunter (1999) is of the view that enrol workers lost their individuality. When a union is certified as the exclusive employee representative in a workplace, employees become members of an overall bargaining unit in which the absolute majority rules. Spear (2003) says that the existence of a union in an industry can result in limited choices regarding hiring new employees or even limiting the potentiality for dismissal of a poorly performing worker. Though internationally unions role can be seen differently in different countries but its main objectives form the same i. the welfare of employees working in different organizations. Countries like China even are bowed to allow unions at the work place and unions role/importance is increasing there day by day (Metcalf and Li (2006) Prit, 2007, Ghosh et. al (2009). The effectiveness of unions role in Pakistan, according to Irfan (2008), has declined over the period. Unions have lost their membership because they failed to protect the rights of the working class.In Pakistan, unions mostly exist in all public sector organizations like stigmatizeal Services, WAPDA, Railways, PTCL and other government institutions and are thought to be the major reason of inefficiencies of Pakistan public sector. In private sector though union are found in many o rganizations but their activities are to some extent limited. A summary of unions status in Pakistan between 1990 to 2006 is given in dining table 1. Table 1 Years Trade Unions membership and Industrial Dispute Total Registered Trader Unions 7080 7027 7185 7273 7426 7349 7355 7356 7382 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Union Membership Total No. f Membership Registered of the Trade Unions reporting Reporting Unions 1763 359633 1441 288803 1834 415768 1685 374731 1718 325677 1718 337617 1594 293530 1534 296257 1478 305340 1493 301104 1356 301332 1260 275646 1201 247539 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Industrial Disputes Number Numbers Number of of of Workers Mandays Disputes Involved Lost 99 65918 186726 94 116306 582694 40 73357 398128 28 17133 404564 25 15434 341196 24 10919 63626 30 18566 203323 30 7865 283342 20 6097 122519 6 3937 182151 4 225 667 4 711 7078 4 516 12160 1 407 0 19 1164 1020 NA NA NA NA NA NA 990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source I rfan. M. (2008), Pakistans wage structure, PP. 27 Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 191 Decline in the popularity of unions in Pakistan is also witnessed by Rehman (2003). He says that in Pakistan, membership in unions is low due to the fear of victimization by employers and the inability to recognize any personal advantage from the unions. The leadership is not effective due to personal rivalries and lack of unavoidable skills.Also union movements in Pakistan do not have the due social and political support since the political market has been generally dominated by powerful industrialization elite. Ebbinghaus (2002) is of the view that trade union movements are confronting multiple challenges. The challenges faced by the unions in Pakistan are also very critical. Cunniah (2007), is of the view that neo-liberalism is the biggest challenge for trade unions in Pakistan and is alive even after the establishment of new democratic government.The employers have some other weapon at their disposal, the displacement of workers by machinery. Ali (1994) observed that one of the laws that hinders trade union activity is the Essential Services Maintenance Act of 1952 (ESA) (which covers government services and state enterprises, such as energy production, power generation and transmission, the state-owned airline, and ports) and is usually invoked to limit or ban strikes, and is also used to severely curtail collective bargaining rights.Another challenge raised by Somavia (2008) is that Pakistani law is particularly hard on agricultural workers who are denied the right to form unions and are thus prevented from striking, bargaining collectively, or making any demands on their employers. Pakistan trade union membership is very weak at this time. Only 0. 6% of the total workers are organized in the trade unions. About 7392 trade unions are registered in Pakistan which are representing the 2,55,405 members throughout Pakistan.Table 2 Total number of the work force Total numbers of the work force is as follow domain Agriculture, Forestry, Hunting & Fishing Mining, Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, Gas, Water Construction Whole sale & Retailed Trade, Restaurant & Hotels Transport, Storage & Communication Financing, Insurance, Real Estate & Business Sector Community, Social & Personal Services TOTAL Source http//www. pakistan. gov. pk/divisions/bstat. pdf Million 18. 35 0. 03 4. 35 0. 26 2. 19 5. 12 1. 91 0. 31 5. 38 37. 9 percentage 48. 42 0. 07 11. 48 0. 7 5. 78 13. 5 5. 03 0. 82 14. 2 100 III. Telecomm Sector of Pakistan and PTCLPakistan has well established telecom sector at present. In 1947, at the time of inception, Pakistan has just 7000 telephone lines. Over the time, under different regimes lots of developments have been interpreted place to bring this sector at par with world. Under the sectors reforms different companies are allowed to 192 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 work in Pakistan and new ser vices like ISDN, DSL, CDML, GPRS etc. are offered by PTCL and other mobile companies working in Pakistan. PTA (Pakistan Telecom Authority) since 1994 holds the responsibility to regulate the telecom sector in Pakistan.PTCL has been privatized by selling its 1. 3 billions shares with management rights to U. A. E based company Etisilat since 12th April, 2006. According to Akhtar (2009), Pakistans Telecom sector has been gearing up to secure its place in fast developing era of new technologies. The government has been able to foster competition by declaring the telecommunication sector as an industry since 2005. The drive towards competition widened the scope for private and distant ownership further through the deregulation policy announced in July 2003.From the beginnings of Posts & Telegraph Department in 1947 and establishment of Pakistan Telephone & Telegraph Department in 1962, Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) took over operations and functions from Pakistan Telephon e and Telegraph Department under Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Act 1991. Pursuing a progressive policy, the politics in 1991, announced its plans to privatize PTCL, and in 1994 issued six million vouchers exchangeable into 600 million shares. Each had a par value of Rs. 10 per share. These vouchers were converted into PTCL shares in mid1996.In 1995, Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Ordinance formed the basis for PTCL monopoly over basic telephony in the country. The provisions of the Ordinance were lent permanence in October 1996 through Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Act. In the same year, Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited was formed and listed on all stock exchanges of Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan sold 26% shares and control of the company to Etisalat in 2006. The Government of Pakistan retained 62% of the shares while the remaining 12% are held by the general ublic. Since privatization, PTCL profit is declined. Following are the financial highlights of PTCL since its privatization. Table 5 Financial Highlights of PTCL since it Privatization Unit Rs. (m) Rs. (m) Rs. (m) Rs. (m) 2010 57,175 14,281 9294 150768 2009 59,239 14021 9151 154048 2008 66,336 -4463 -2825 140104 2007 71,068 23744 15639 152821 2006 79,411 30974 20777 152240 2005 87,356 39296 26606 136078 Description Revenue Profit/Loss Before Tax Profit/Loss After Tax Total Assets Source one-year reports of PTCL Currently PTCL has 19 registered unions..The union which is acting as CBA is Pakistan Telecommunication employee union whereas all other unions are non CBA unions. At the time of privatization about 57000 employees were serving PTCL. only after privatization, new management laid off 30,000 employees by giving Voluntarily Separation Scheme VSS. At present Multan Telecomm Region (MTR) covers area from Mian Channu to DG Khan and Rahim Yaar Khan. It is divided into two wings. One wing is of Regional General Manager wing which has 982 employees. Ot her wing is of GM Technical Multan which has 335 employees.Other than these wings another small wing is of SM Consumer Sales Multan which has 45 employees. So at present total numbers of employees working in all wings in Multan region are about 1362. PTCL is taken as case study because it could provide the glimpse of previously public sector organization and now as private sector organization. Unions are working in PTCL since long and had been very strong in past. They have also played crucial role at the time of privatization as well. 194 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 IV. MethodologyA survey through questionnaires method was used to capture the primary data for this study. The research is through with(p) at Multan Region of PTCL. A sample size of 300 employees from different departments of PTCL of all its three wings has been selected by using the random sampling technique. The questionnaire was distributed to from each one participant in person. Firstly few open ended questions were included to enable participants to express their general opinions regarding PTCL management and union relations and then all close ended questions (Table 5) were asked to have specific answers. The response rate to the questions was 90%.The opinions of the participants are measurable by obtaining the respondents extent of agreement with the questions. The extent of agreement was measured through Likert scale ranging from 5= strongly agreed to 1= strongly disagreed. The researchers have tried to find out the facts relating to following research questions. i. ii. iii. What role union played in Telecom Industry over the time (especially in PTCL)? What role union played in PTCL at the time of privatization of PTCL and then after? What is the current role of union in PTCL The questions wise results of the study are described below.Table 5 Summary of response to survey questions. No 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 Statement Are you satisfied with the role of unions before priva tization? Do you think that CBA at the time of Privatization has performed his role effectively? Are you satisfied with the role of union currently? Are you satisfied with the role of union to stop layoff of employees after privatization? Does your union take effective actions against the rehiring of voluntarily separated employees? Do you think that the rehiring of voluntarily separated employees was in the best interest of PTCL?Do you think that the pre privatization PTCL was good as compared to Post Privatization PTCL? Do you think that unions role for Agree% 80 52 75 32 20 30 68% 74% neither% 10 10 5 16 10 0 5 6 Disagree 10 38% 52% 52% 70% 70% 27% 20% V. Results and Discussions Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 195 10 employees job security was better before privatization of PTCL? Are you satisfied with the unions role towards current working environment of PTCL? 26 10 64% It is evident from the above results that union role in PTCL is diminishing over the ti me.It played very effective role for welfare and betterment of employees in the past but currently the state of affairs is not very good. Majority of the employees are dissatisfied with their performance. At the time of privatization, the role of CBA and UAC (Union Action Committee was very midtrial. They were firstly against privatization and have been fighting for three months and then suddenly one day they accepted privatization deal on term and conditions of the government. Employees feel that monopolistic status of PTCL was in the best interest of customers.Employees are also not so happy with rehiring of employee previously laid off under voluntarily retirement schemes, as they feel that these rehired contractual employees are enjoying dual benefits i-e benefits of retirement and new contracts. They are of the opinion that new hiring if so necessity should be done from youngsters having new skills to manage latest equipment installed in PTCL. Employees also feel that union is not doing any thing for their job security. Job distort created through increased work load is another major problem employees are facing currently.Now lower level employees give more preference to the management for the resolution of their issues instead of unions. Employees have lost their fate that unions would do something for their betterment. Now employees are avoiding joining unions and believe on direct relationship with its management. There was a time when union in PTCL was thought to be the true representative of employees and only way for their growth. But on the critical occasion of privatization of PTCL, VSS and rehiring of VSS opted employees, the betraying role of union and CBA has dissatisfied them lot.The Union has now lost trust of employees. The management is becoming strong day by day through different measures. Some of the unions representatives either are suspended or transferred, waiting for posting etc. But the union leaders are not paying any attention to their problems. Thats why employees cargo with the union has also been conquerd. The management has successfully neutralized the power of union by reducing the strength of employees. By lying off about 30,000 employees, management successfully took away the real strength of unions.Now they are trying different tactics in order to create hindrances in the activities of union. These tactics involve dismissing the employees participating in union activities, proper check and balance on the attendance of employees and indulging every employee with high work load. Another recent step taken by management to weaken the unions is giving the non-management employees, the cadre of management. in BPS-17. This conversion of cadre has made intimately 3000 196 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 employees unable to talk part in unions activities.Therefore, a tug of war is going on between the typical government culture already prevailing in PTCL and a corporate culture which th e new management is trying to enforce in PTCL. VI. Conclusion & Recommendations Unions in any organization work for the benefits of the employees. The most important roles which unions are meant to play are to reduce income inequality, improve working conditions for employees, protecting the rights of the working class, ensure homogenous income to the workers by providing them employment opportunities etc.But over the period of time, unions failed to perform their roles effectively, therefore, they are facing decline in their popularity and membership. Internationally, the trend of unions in organization is diminishing. PTCL is taken as case study because it could provide the glimpse of previously public sector organization and now working as private sector organization. Unions is working in PTCL since long and had played crucial role in its privatization It could provide the perfect information about the unions involvement and recent trends in public and private organization. Now m anagement has upheld the lower level of mployees from the union activities by giving them status of more significance within the organization. Internationally and in Pakistan too, unions are very strong in public sector organizations as compared to private sector companies. In Pakistan Telecom Sector, unions exist only in PTCL. In PTCL, union remained very powerful before privatization. But after privatization since 2006, the new management has cut down union power by implementing different polices. The present management has been able to divert unions away from interest of employees by facilitating the top level leaders for their own interests.This thing has sabotaged the image of unions among employees. The employees feel more confident now with the commitment of the management rather than union. Majority of employees of PTCL now feel that leaders are not sincere with them. Employees think that during privatization union did not play its effective role as was expected. They blame that only top leaders of unions have ripe the fruits of employees efforts but no demand of employees is fulfilled in true sense during privatization process. So these things have created mistrust between employees and union.That mistrust was truly endorsed when union call strike for pay rise in 2009 and majority of employees did not participate. Similarly, in 2010 referendum, 30% of the total employees have not participated at all. The management through different tactics is making unions ineffective. Management is not taking direct steps to reduce unions strength but with indirect measures and back channel diplomacy, they are meeting its ultimate objective to wipe away unions from PTCL. The way union is working on other side, it is not seen too far. Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 197Conclusively saying, union image as the protector of working class has been affected when union leaders use the plate form of union to get the advantage for themselves. Union has made themselves worth less in PTCL due to their own acts. They may not be able to get any support from employees in future. They must have to change the current strategies and the top leaders have to work beyond their personal interests to regain the powers. They will have to work for the welfare of the employees as past. Otherwise, unions will be simply wiped off from PTCL like it happened in some other organizations hich have been privatized like PTCL. References Akhtar, M. H. (2009). The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors and Policy Issues on Telecom Sector Performance in Pakistan An Econometric Analysis, Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. 29(2), 163-174. Akteruzzaman, M. (2006). Globalization issues and Challenges for Trader Union Movement. The Social Sciences, 1(I), 29-34. Ali, I. (1994). Structure of Telecommunications Sector in Pakistan. CMER Working Paper Series, Working Paper No 94-02, 1-25. Allen, W. C. (2005). History of Slave Laborers in the Construction of the United Sta tes Capitol. The room decorator of the Capit, 1-27.Bawa, and Hashmi, (2010). Labor Unionization in Pakistan History Trends. Pakistaniaat A Journal of Pakistan Studies, 2(2), 78-82. Belman, D. L. and Voos P. B. (1993). Wage effects of increased union coverage Methodological Considerations and new evidence. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 46(2), 368-380. Blanchflower, D. G. and Bryson A. (2007). The wage impact of trade unions in the UK public and private sectors. The Institute for the Study of Labor, Discussion Paper No 3055, 1-23. Candland, (2007). Labor, Democratization and Development in India and Pakistan. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 48(1), 1-13.Cunniah, D. (2007). The role of trade unions in workers education The key to trade union capacity building. International Labor Office, 4, 1-42. Donas, B. (2006). Why captain Unions Make Good Conflict Management Partners. Workplace Fairness Journal. Ebbinghaus, B. (2002). Trade unions changing role. EU Paper Series , 2-32. Edward, C. (2010). Public-Sector Unions. Tax Budget bulletin no 61. 198 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 Farbar, H. S. (2001). Notes on the Economics of Labor Unions. Princetion University Industrial Relations Section Working Paper 452, 1-24.Fernie, S, Metcalf, D. (2005). Trade unions resurgence or death?. Centre Piece Summer Edition. Goerke, L. , Pannenberg, M. (2010). Trade Union Membership and Dismissals. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Discussion Paper No. 5222, 17-19. Gompers, S. (2009). Where trade unions are most firmly organized, there are the rights of people most respected. South-Western/Cengage Learning, A 1-11. Ghosh, P. , Nandan, S. and Gupta, A. (2009). The Changing Role of Trade Union in India, A Case Study of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTCP), Unchahar. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 14(1), 3757.Govt defends privatization of PTCL amid protests, Press Article, Daily Times 14, 2005. Retrieved from http//www. dawn. com/2005/06/14/top7. htm. Hunter, R. P. (1999). Disadvantage of Union Representation. Hamilton, M. and Anderson, L. D. (1999). labor unions and class actions The union perspective on Collective litigation. American Bar Association Section of Labor and Employment Law. Irfan, M. (2008). Pakistans Wage Structure. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 1-47. Levine, P. (2001). The Legitimacy of Labor. Hofstra Labor employment Law Journal, 18, 527. Metcalf, L. (2006).Trade unions in China. Centre Piece Summer Magazine. Mohar, J. G. (2007). Trade unions and the law-history and a way forward?. Morris, R. L. (2002). Trade Unions and Globalization. International Labor Organization, 1-29. Pantuosco, L. J. (2008). The effect of public and private unions on state economic activity evaluating the Benefits to organized workers, policymakers, and companies. Journal of Business Economics Research, 6(2), 27-40. Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 199 Perlman, S. (1922). A H istory of Trade Unions in the United States. Social Science Text Book. Prit, M. (2007).Labor Unions, U. S. , History. Rehman, S. (2003). Collective Bargaining and Wage Determination. Reynolds, M. (2009). A history of Labor Unions from Colonial Times. Mises Daily. Shah, S. K. (2010). Labor Policy 2010. Ministry of Labor and Manpower Pakistan. Sherk, J. (2009). What Unions Do How Labor Unions Affect jobs and the Economy. Backgrounder, 2275, 1-17. Somavia, j (2008). Pakistan decent work country program. International labor office, web version. Spear, B. (2005). Negative Effects of labor unions. Retrieved from http//www. ehow. com/list_6683091_negative-effects-laborunions. htmlixzz0usiJ08Q7.

Women In Science Essay

I have solitary(prenominal) had two significant experiences with recognition, the nonhing honorary society and Physics class. Both experiences have changed my point of view in apprehension forever. One encouraged it while the other made me utterly afraid of it. Both of them with the akin teacher but with two different outcomes. I have also have encountered science at the California cognizance Center in Los Angles. First will talk about my experience with science with Academy.Before I joined Academy never even thought about joining the field of science and genealogy, but as I learned more about science and technology began to find it very(prenominal) interesting. We visited and talked to professionals in the field of energy science and I could not help but like it a lot. Think Independence high school has made a great decision about creating the Academy program, because now know that am arouse in this field of science. I loved how Mrs.. Wolf was sacred to the Academy and how she made sure that every student would succeed.I believe that every student in the Energy Academy ins a lot of knowledge about science and technology. My second experience was with my sophomore course of instruction Physics class. I dreaded that class, because I rarely understood what was happening. I would go to class render what she taught, but when a test came would not understand a single problem. Still got a tidy grade in the class, but struggled a lot, so decided never want to go in to a job that uses physics. It was not my teachers fault that I did not understand the subject, I just did not comprehend it at all.When I was a kid my school went to go visit the California Science Center, at the time lived in San Fernando Valley. I went to a magnet school with peers that were under privileged, including me as well. no(prenominal) of us have gone to places like the Science Center, and when we saw it we all thought it was the most supernatural place ever. The most memorable e xhibit was the giant imitation human and side kick resume that talked about human organs. I thought it was the most amazing thing ever, and the thing that interested me he most was that how every single part of the organic structure needed each other to survive.The imitation and cartoon made me realize how was interested in the field of science, and as I grew up I became interested in the field of psychology. It is funny to think that I have based my entire future calling based on what a giant imitation human and cartoon taught me about the human body when I was in the first grade, but still think that because of them.

Cypriot Banking Crysis Scr

CY - - CSR essay Kozhevnikova E. , Sadokhina A. , Yatisyshina P. ? . . The worry2 Time-line2 Reasons of crisis in Cypriot fixing empyrean4 Moral Dilemmas4 The problem The current crisis of shoreing governance in Cyprus had raised difficult moral dilemmas for Cypriot governance, members of Euro Union and other machine-accessible governments.Cypriot banks became unable to secure the deposits due to several concludes the Greek crisis, crisis in real estate sector. It provided relatively higher(prenominal) income on deposits, which is always associated with dangery investments. The macroeconomic posture in the world only worsened the situation. To conglomeration up, the some of the banks simply lost the bills of the depositors. In this case, the problem of altogetherocation of losses appeared. Who should bear the losses for the mistakes made by Cypriot banks, which were aggravated by the multiple unfavorable circumstances?The depositors who brought their mone y to banks? altogether of them? Prosperous European countries? We should remember, that the ones who are in charge of this situation simply cant sweep that costs (banks have no liquid assets cover the losses). In this paper we discuss the impacts of different executable solutions of this problem from the point of ethics theories. We start we describing the background of the problem including quantify-line of facts, the reasons for crisis of Banking System, than we move on to reviewing different options of how to come through Cypriot economy using theories of ethics.Time-line * 14-15 March EU-summit as a result of which was reaching the circularize betwixt Cyprus Euro Zone and IMF (International Monetary Fund) for a 10 billion Euro bailout on condition that Cyprus imposes a one-off levy of 6,75% to as incontestable deposits (under 100 000 Euro) and 9,9% to uninsured deposits (over 100 000 Euro). So that Cyprus depart provide 5,8 billion Euros to secure the 10-billion bailou t. * March 16 first day of Cyprus Bank closure after the government announced Bank holidays. The idea of oblige a tax on ordinary depositors resulted in mass protest-demonstration of Cypriots, citizens likewise protested against Germany dictating such hush conditions. It had also caused anxiety in other countries for setting such an extraordinary and threatening precedent. * March 19 the Cyprus parliament rejects a 10 billion Euro bailout package (lawmakers voted 36 against 19 abstaining) arguing that it is unacceptable to take money from regular account holders.The chairmen of the Cyprus Investor Association said Parliaments rejection of the deal provide buy us some time to see if we can come up with a better agreement * The President of Cyprus Nicos Anastasiades proposed to make an elision for deposits with less that 20 000 Euros to calm the public, but that didnt work out either * The failed vote step up the relationship between Cypriot government and EU. Cypriots accuse d EU for pressing them to accept an unacceptable deal that heats ordinary savers and pensioners.In military issue, German officials and IMF stated that they didnt force Cypriot government to impose the deposit on depositors but that one way or another the country must come up with the inhabit 5,8 billion Euros to secure the bailout. * The next step included testing to which extent Russia would be testamenting to promote Cyprus in this difficult situation. Investments of Russian depositors accounted for about 20 billion Euros in Cypriot banks, so Russia is for sure an affiliated party.Russian officials reacted furiously to the proposed tax deposit bank * March 22 Cyprus adopted legislation that allows the government to split the Cypriot lenders into good banks and bad banks and creates resolution framework to wind down banks. * March 24 a new bailout deal between Eurozone and Cyprus. Cyprus will get a 10 billion Euro bailout on condition that Laiki (Popular) Bank, the second la rgest bank in Cyprus will be wound down.The deposits under 100 000 Euros will be fully compensated by the government, the depositors with more than 100 000 Euros on their accounts will face exceedingly huge losses. In this case Cyprus successfully avoided being excluded from EU, which occurred to be highly probable. What is more, this solution pensioners and clients with small deposits (which think with low income level) wont be affected, so the anger of the public will be reduced. Finally, devil biggest Banks will be restructured Laiki Bank will be wind down, Bank of Cyprus will capitalize at the expense of its clients insured deposits of Laiki Bank will be transferred to Bank of Cyprus, owners of uninsured deposits of Laiki Bank will lose up to 80% of their deposits 37,5% of uninsured deposits of Bank of Cyprus are transferred into stocks of Bank of Cyprus which actually cost nothing, 22,5% will be frozen so clients have no right to use that sums of money.In this case the costs of bank mistakes lay down on clients with deposits over 100 000 Euros. By the way, most of such clients are Russian (Russian investments in Cypriot bank sector are estimated 26 bn Euro, they exceed Cypriot GDP which is well-nigh 18 bn Euro). Russians were happy to use Cyprus as an offshore due to double taxation agreement. This was a arrange where nobody asked where that money came from. At the same time EU and Cyprus were happy to transfer the costs to Russian depositors by expropriating their depsits.Is it ethical? Not the easiest question to answer One more concerning fact . ? 1 15 ( ) ? . , ? . , . ? ? . - - ? . - Reasons of crisis in Cypriot banking sectorThe Greek financial crisis had put in danger the stability of all Eurozone. But the greatest impact was imposed on Cyprus due to their hale economic and financial bonds. Cypruss banking sector was affected the most. It became quite clear that banking system of Cyprus is in danger a couple of years ago. Stavrakis -the pay Minister of Cyprus said We are a small country and most importantly, we have a banking system which has invested heavily in Greek bonds. Nevertheless, the minister assured that Cypriot anking system was safe and sound, that it had a strong capital base and that there was a huge inflow of foreign deposits which helped to stabilize the situation. Anyway, the prime reason of crisis in Cypriot banking sector is cancellation of Greek bonds. It was not a secret that Cypriot banks invested heavily in long-term Greek bonds, so when a default in Greece was announced and it was stated that Greece is not dismission to fulfill its bonds obligations, and, as a result, the trust in Cypriot banks declined. As the trust in banks decline, depositors die hard to take back their money.But this is a trap something happens in the banking industry, depositors leave, at the same time a visual modality of bank assets are frozen in long-term obligations. Theoretic ally, the bank has or practically has enough assets to return everything to clients, but these assets are not liquid, so at the moment when clients start to panic and claim for their money, the bank is under threat of running out of liquid assets to pay to clients. This can happen to any bank, dismantle the most reliable one. The moment panic begins the bank is under great threat.This is why laws that dont allow taking back deposits at any moment may be quite reasonable. hither is a breath summary of reason of Cypriot banking sector crisis * Huge investments of Cypriot banking sector in Greek default economy = sufficient losses and asset write-downs of Cypriot banks * A strong offshore orientation of Cypriot economy total sum of deposits heavily exceed GDP * As a result the government (does it have to? ) is not able to compensate the losses of depositors * Unfavorable macroeconomic situation in EU and world The fact that Cypriot banks havent revalued their assets for a long time, so the assets were overestimated * And many other reasons that we will understand 20 years after Moral Dilemmas Here is a list of moral dilemmas occur in such a complicated situation 1) Who should bear the risk of bank bankruptcy? Government/all customers/the richest customers/other countries governments/ 2) Can expropriation be ethical? 3) 4) 1 . http//online. wsj. com/ name/SB10001424127887323605404578384331402208120. html 2 . http//www. nytimes. om/2013/03/20/business/global/cyprus-rejects-tax-on-bank-deposits. html? _r=0 3 . http//www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-europe-21916102 4 . http//lenta. ru/news/2013/03/25/threat/ 5 . http//somo. nl/dossiers-en/sectors/financial/eu-financial-reforms/newsletter-items/issue-17-march-2013/innovative-approach-in-cyprus-bailout 6 . http//www. cyprusnewsreport. com/? q=node/4239 7 . http//www. mondaq. com/x/231362/Financial+Services/The+Latest+Developments+In+The+Cyprus+Banking+Sector 8 . http//www. reuters. com/article/2013/03/22/us-colum n-cyprus-investing-saft-idUSBRE92L0UV20130322